He then presented his thesis called Gleichgewichtszustände isotroper Körper in verschiedenen Temperaturen ( Equilibrium states of isotropic bodies at different temperatures), which earned him a habilitation. The first was a doctorate degree after he completed his paper detailing his research and theory of thermodynamics. He briefly taught mathematics and physics at his former school in Munich.īy the year 1880, Planck had obtained the two highest academic degrees offered in Europe. In October 1878, Planck passed his qualifying exams and in February 1879 defended his dissertation Über den zweiten Hauptsatz der mechanischen Wärmetheorie ( On the Second Law of Mechanical Heat Theory). While there he undertook a program of mostly self-study of Clausius's writings, which led him to choose thermodynamics as his field. He soon became close friends with Helmholtz. He wrote that Helmholtz was never quite prepared, spoke slowly, miscalculated endlessly, and bored his listeners, while Kirchhoff spoke in carefully prepared lectures which were dry and monotonous. In 1877, he went to the Friedrich Wilhelms University in Berlin for a year of study with physicists Hermann von Helmholtz and Gustav Kirchhoff and mathematician Karl Weierstrass. Under Jolly's supervision, Planck performed the only experiments of his scientific career, studying the diffusion of hydrogen through heated platinum, but transferred to theoretical physics. The Munich physics professor Philipp von Jolly advised Planck against going into physics, saying, "In this field, almost everything is already discovered, and all that remains is to fill a few holes." Planck replied that he did not wish to discover new things, but only to understand the known fundamentals of the field, and so began his studies in 1874 at the University of Munich. However, instead of music he chose to study physics. He took singing lessons and played piano, organ and cello, and composed songs and operas. This is how Planck first came in contact with the field of physics. It was from Müller that Planck first learned the principle of conservation of energy. In 1867 the family moved to Munich, and Planck enrolled in the Maximilians gymnasium school, where he came under the tutelage of Hermann Müller, a mathematician who took an interest in the youth, and taught him astronomy and mechanics as well as mathematics. War was common during Planck's early years and among his earliest memories was the marching of Prussian and Austrian troops into Kiel during the Second Schleswig War in 1864. He was the sixth child in the family, though two of his siblings were from his father's first marriage. However, by the age of ten he signed with the name Max and used this for the rest of his life. He was baptized with the name of Karl Ernst Ludwig Marx Planck of his given names, Marx was indicated as the "appellation name". Planck was born in 1858 in Kiel, Holstein, to Johann Julius Wilhelm Planck and his second wife, Emma Patzig. His paternal great-grandfather and grandfather were both theology professors in Göttingen his father was a law professor at the University of Kiel and Munich. Planck came from a traditional, intellectual family. In 1948, it was renamed the Max Planck Society (Max-Planck-Gesellschaft) and nowadays includes 83 institutions representing a wide range of scientific directions. Planck was twice president of the German scientific institution Kaiser Wilhelm Society. He is known for Planck's constant, which is of foundational importance for quantum physics, and which he used to derive a set of units, today called Planck units, expressed only in terms of fundamental physical constants. Planck made many substantial contributions to theoretical physics, but his fame as a physicist rests primarily on his role as the originator of quantum theory, which revolutionized human understanding of atomic and subatomic processes. Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck ForMemRS ( English: / ˈ p l æ ŋ k/, German: ⓘ 23 April 1858 – 4 October 1947) was a German theoretical physicist whose discovery of energy quanta won him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918.
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